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| == Timeline of Key Events in Coal Dust Activism == | | == History and Place == |
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| === 1880s === | | === History === |
| | | *[[Harbor Homes and Dickerson Court and their demolition|Harbor Homes and Dickerson Court and Their Demolition]] |
| * '''1881:''' The [[Railroad Companies|Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O)]] was extended from Richmond to Newport News to transport coal mined in West Virginia to reach the harbor of Hampton Roads.
| | * [[Institutionalization of Environmental Justice in Virginia]] |
| * '''1883:''' The first railcar loaded with bituminous coal arrived in Norfolk via the [[Railroad Companies|Norfolk & Western Railway]] (now [[Railroad Companies|Norfolk Southern]]). | | * [[Timeline]] |
| * '''1886:''' The train tracks were extended to the coal piers near [[Lambert's Point, Norfolk|Lambert's Point]].
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| === 1920s ===
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| * '''1927:''' The Newport News ''Daily Press'' describes the use of sprinklers to "minimize damage and discomfort arising from large quantities of [[Particulate matter and coal dust|coal dust]] in the air."<ref>[[:File:Daily Press 1927 11 23 Page 2.pdf|Railroads of Port Adopt Coal Sprinkle: Growing Demand for Sprinkled Coal Said to Be Made by Trans-Shippers]], ''Daily Press'', November 23, 1927.</ref>
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| === 1950s ===
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| * '''1954:''' The Garden-Shores Civic League write a letter to the City of Newport News complaining about [[Particulate matter and coal dust|coal dust]] pollution believed to be "uncombusted coal blown from the railways' two coal dumping piers."<ref>[https://voicesinthedust.org/File:Daily_Press_1954_04_12_Page_3.pdf Newport News to Analyze Smoke and Soot Nuisance in Garden-Shores Sector], ''Daily Press'', April 4, 1954.</ref>
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| * '''1956:''' The City of Newport News hires a chemical engineering firm to [[Local air monitoring|measure the amount of coal in airborne particles]], who find that at least in one location 45% of airborne dust was coal.<ref>[[:File:Daily Press 1956 12 04 Page 5.pdf|Council]], ''Daily Press'', December 4, 1956.</ref><ref name=":0">[[:File:Daily Press 1956 12 12 Page 3.pdf|C&O to Install Costly Equipment for Control of Air Pollution in NN]], ''Daily Press'', December 12, 1956.</ref>
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| * '''1956:''' This air monitoring study prompts the [[Railroad Companies|Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) Railroad Company]] to install equipment to create a [[Chemical dust suppression: water sprinklers and chemical sealants|water fog over the coal piers to suppress dust]]<ref name=":0" /> and led the [[Newport News City Council]] to pass an air pollution ordinance.<ref>[[:File:Daily Press 1956 12 18 Page 3.pdf|Council Gets Air Pollution Control Plan]], ''Daily Press'', December 18, 1956.</ref> | |
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| === 1970s ===
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| * Jessie Rattley, the first Black mayor of Newport News, and other local leaders have discussions around [[Particulate matter and coal dust|coal dust]] mitigation.
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| * Linwood DeBrew and community members begin organizing around [[Particulate matter and coal dust|coal dust]] pollution issues.
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| === 1980s ===
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| * The City of Newport News overturns its air pollution ordinance. [[File:Daily Press January 27 1985.png|alt=Mrs. Bazemore shows coal dust she cleaned from the inside of her Ridley Circle home in Murry, Coal Dust Causes Concern, Daily Press, January 27, 1985.|thumb|''Daily Press'': A leading activist for coal dust mitigation in the 1980s, Mrs. Louise Bazemore is photographed displaying the coal dust she cleaned from inside her Ridley Circle home.<ref>Murry, [[:File:Daily Press 1985 01 27 Page 5.pdf|Coal Dust Causes Concern ]][https://voicesinthedust.org/File:Daily_Press_1985_01_27_Page_5.pdf (Continued from Page C1)], ''Daily Press'', January 27, 1985.</ref>]]
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| * The first recorded [[Coal dust complaints|complaint]] from Lambert's Point, Norfolk.
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| * Community activism in [[Southeast Newport News]] and [[Coal dust complaints|residents' complaints]] to [[Virginia Air Pollution Control Board|Virginia Air Pollution Control Board (APCB)]] led the [[Virginia Air Pollution Control Board|APCB]] to conduct additional research on the factors that influenced coal dust emissions and develop a wet suppression approach that was more effective.
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| * '''1987:''' This research was published in the report: [[:File:Coal Study-January 1987 21391318.pdf|Control of Fugitive Emissions from Open Coal Storage in Newport News, Virginia]]. | |
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| === 1990s ===
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| * '''1990:''' The [[Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (VA DEQ)]] is formally established, with [[Particulate matter and coal dust|coal dust]] regulation becoming a priority issue.
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| * [https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/8916 Representative Dick Cranwell] sponsors a bill requiring [[Companies: railroads, terminals, and coal|Norfolk Southern]] to report air quality and [[Particulate matter and coal dust|coal dust]] emissions.
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| * The 1993 [https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/768/1144/2364908/ RISE, Inc. v. Kay] lawsuit challenges a landfill siting in King and Queen County citing [[Environmental justice|environmental racism]], further shaping the conversation around [[environmental justice]] in Virginia.
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| === 2000s === | |
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| * The [[Southeast CARE Coalition|Southeast Community Action for a Renewed Environment (CARE) Coalition]], then led by Dr. Erica Holloman, Linwood DeBrew, and Angela Harris, intensifies organizing efforts around [[Particulate matter and coal dust|coal dust]] pollution and [[Environmental justice|environmental racism]] in Southeast Newport News.
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| * In 2002, the [[Southeast CARE Coalition]] formally pushes for investigations into the health impacts of [[Particulate matter and coal dust|coal dust]], collaborating with the U.S. EPA.
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| === 2010s ===
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| * The [[Southeast CARE Coalition]] and U.S. EPA report is released: [[:File:A COLLABORATIVE EFFORT TO ASSESS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IN NEWPORT NEWS VIRGINIA FINAL.PDF|A Collaborative Effort to Assess Environmental Health in Newport News, Virginia]]
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| * Increased activism in Lambert's Point under the slogan Cover the Coal, led by New Virginia Majority and the Sierra Club Virginia Chapter, and supported by academic researchers like Dr. Anna Jeng from Old Dominion University, highlights the need for stronger air quality monitoring and regulatory measures.
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| * Planning grants are secured to explore coal dust solutions; coal dust-related petitions are circulated.
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| === 2020s ===
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| * In 2020, the [https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacodefull/title2.2/chapter2/article12/ Virginia Environmental Justice Act] is passed, with the state government committing to integrate [[environmental justice]] principles into decision-making.
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| * The [[Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (VA DEQ)|VA DEQ]] secures funding for the [[Tidewater Air Monitoring Evaluation (TAME)]] to track [[Particulate matter and coal dust|coal dust]] levels in Southeast Newport News and Lambert's Point in 2020, with data collection yet to start.
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| * The [[Repair Lab]] [https://coaldustkills.wpcomstaging.com/ Coal Dust Kills] effort begins interviewing residents affected by [[Particulate matter and coal dust|coal dust]] pollution in Southeast Newport News and Lambert's Point, [[VOICES: Voices Organizing In opposition to Coal dust with Environmental Sensing Network|monitoring ambient dust concentrations]], and sampling dust inside residents home to identify evidence of [[Particulate matter and coal dust|coal dust]] exposure.
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| * In 2024, Adrian Wood releases [https://coaldustkills.wpcomstaging.com/?p=6400 Crosswinds], a multi-episode podcast exploring the [[Particulate matter and coal dust|coal dust]] issues through the friendship of local activists, Lathaniel Kirts and Malcolm Jones.
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| * The Repair Lab and [https://aahsnn.wildapricot.org/ African American History Society of Newport News] begin work on a digital archive documenting decades of [[Particulate matter and coal dust|coal dust]] activism and [[environmental justice]] efforts in Virginia.
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| == History ==
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| * [[Harbor Homes and Dickerson Court and their demolition|Harbor Homes and Dickerson Court and Their Demolition]]
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| * [[Institutionalization of Environmental Justice in Virginia]]
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| * [[Lambert's Point, Norfolk]] | | * [[Lambert's Point, Norfolk]] |
| * [[Southeast Newport News]] | | * [[Southeast Newport News]] |
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| === Testimonials === | | === Testimonials === |
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| * [[Coal dust complaints|Resident Complaints]]
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| * [[Interviews and oral histories|Interviews and Oral Histories]] | | * [[Interviews and oral histories|Interviews and Oral Histories]] |
| * [[Media|News and Other Media]] | | * [[Media|News and Other Media]] |
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| | * [[Coal dust complaints|Residents' Complaints]] |
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| === Research === | | === Research === |
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| * [[Newport News City Council]] | | * [[Newport News City Council]] |
| * [[Norfolk City Council]] | | * [[Norfolk City Council]] |
| * [[State Legislature and General Assembly|Virginia State Legislature (Also Known as the General Assembly)]]
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| * [[Virginia Council on Environmental Justice ( FKA Environmental Justice Advisory Board|Virginia Council on Environmental Justice (Formerly Known as the Environmental Justice Advisory Board]]) | | * [[Virginia Council on Environmental Justice ( FKA Environmental Justice Advisory Board|Virginia Council on Environmental Justice (Formerly Known as the Environmental Justice Advisory Board]]) |
| | * [[State Legislature and General Assembly|Virginia State Legislature (General Assembly)]] |
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| === Community and Activist Organizations === | | === Community and Activist Organizations === |
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| === Industries === | | === Industries === |
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| | * [[Coal Terminals in the Port of Virginia|Coal Companies]] |
| | * [[Coal Terminals in the Port of Virginia|Coal Terminals]] |
| * [[Railroad Companies|Railroads in Hampton Roads]] | | * [[Railroad Companies|Railroads in Hampton Roads]] |
| * [[Coal Terminals in the Port of Virginia]]
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| * [[Coal Companies]]
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| == Solutions == | | == Solutions == |
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| | * [[Railcar Covers and Lids]] |
| * [[Wet Dust Suppression]] | | * [[Wet Dust Suppression]] |
| * [[Railcar Covers and Lids]]
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| * [[Wind Fences, Domes, and Tree Barriers]] | | * [[Wind Fences, Domes, and Tree Barriers]] |
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| == Policy == | | == Policy == |
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| * '''Federal Policy''' | | * [[Terminal air permitting and permits|Air Emissions Permitting and Permits]] |
| ** [[Railroad Regulations|Regulations on Railroads (FRA and STC)]]
| | * [[Railroad Regulations|Federal Railroad Regulations]] |
| ** [[Regulation under the Clean Air Act|The Clean Air Act]]
| | * [[Joint Subcommittee Studying Measures to Reduce Emissions from Coal-Carrying Railroad Cars]] |
| * [[State Regulations|'''Virginia State Regulations''']] | | |
| ** [[Terminal Permits|State Terminal Permits]]
| | * [[Local Regulations|Local Authority and Regulations]] |
| ** [[Joint Subcommittee Studying Measures to Reduce Emissions from Coal-Carrying Railroad Cars]]
| | * [[State Regulations|National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)]] |
| * [[Local Regulations|'''Local Regulations''']] | | * [[State Regulations|State-Level Air Pollution Regulations]] |
| | * [[Water discharge permitting and permits|Water Discharge Permitting and Permits]] |
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| == Organizing == | | == Organizing == |
